s brought to the clinic for medical care. Amid the growing number of cases, questions are being raised about the effectiveness of the parvovirus vaccines currently available on the market. Some breeders have reported that puppies vaccinated against parvovirus are still becoming infected after exposure, leading to concerns that circulating vaccines may no longer be providing adequate protection.

Our experience at Vetlit, however, presents an interesting perspective. Puppies vaccinated at our clinic according to our structured vaccination protocol have, to date, not developed parvovirus infection despite the current increase in cases. This observation gives us confidence that properly administered parvovirus vaccines can provide effective protection.

If the vaccines are effective, why are some vaccinated puppies still developing severe parvovirus infection and, in some cases, dying? The answer may be more complex than simply blaming the vaccine. Parvovirus infection is influenced by several interacting factors, including the puppy’s age, maternal antibodies, timing and number of vaccine doses, immune status, vaccine handling and administration, intensity of environmental exposure, and the characteristics of the virus itself. I explore this question through both the available scientific evidence and my recent clinical experience managing parvovirus cases during the current outbreak. In particular, I reflect on two cases that we managed during this period in which the affected puppies ultimately succumbed despite receiving veterinary care.

What is canine parvovirus?

Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) is a highly contagious virus that most severely affects young puppies and dogs without adequate immunity. It attacks rapidly dividing cells, particularly cells in the intestinal lining and bone marrow. Parvo infection can cause vomiting, diarrhea (sometimes bloody), dehydration, weakness and a low white blood cell count. Severe disease can be fatal.

CPV is a small, non-enveloped virus with a single-stranded DNA genome enclosed in a protein capsid. The absence of a lipid envelope makes it resistant to many environmental conditions and common cleaning agents. The virus can persist in contaminated surroundings, so exposure may occur through contaminated faeces, surfaces, equipment, footwear or other fomites. This environmental stability helps explain why the virus spreads readily and why careful isolation and cleaning matter. The major antigenic variants commonly discussed are CPV-2a, CPV-2b and CPV-2c. These variants are closely related and mutations do occur amongst them.

Why can vaccinated puppies still become infected?

Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent severe parvovirus disease, but a puppy is not necessarily protected as soon as it receives an injection. Protection depends on the puppy mounting an immune response, and several factors can affect that process. Puppies receive maternal antibodies from their mothers, mainly through colostrum. These antibodies help protect them early in life. However, while maternal antibody levels are still high enough, they interfere with the vaccine, they neutralize the vaccine before the puppy develops its own protective response. Later, as those antibodies decline, they may no longer protect well against natural infection. This interval is known as the window of susceptibility or immunity gap.

For this reason, a fixed number of injections, such as two, does not guarantee protection for every puppy. Puppy schedules use repeated doses at appropriate intervals, with the final dose given at an age when maternal antibody interference is less likely. The correct schedule depends on the puppy’s age, history, risk and the vaccine product. A veterinarian should guide the programme.

Other possible contributors to apparent vaccine failure include incomplete schedules, an unsuitable interval between doses, poor storage or cold-chain breaks, administration errors, illness or immune compromise, and intense exposure before immunity develops. When a vaccinated dog develops compatible illness, the vaccination record, clinical diagnosis and possible alternative causes should be reviewed. Such a case does not automatically show that the vaccine itself is ineffective.

What might explain the current increase in cases?

There is no confirmed single explanation for the apparent increase in Uganda. The following are plausible factors to consider, not established causes of this outbreak

1. An established virus encountering more susceptible dogs

Canine parvovirus is not a new disease in Uganda. It is an endemic and established pathogen within the canine population, meaning that the virus is already circulating among dogs in the country. This is important because an outbreak does not necessarily mean that a new virus has entered the country. An increase in cases can occur when existing environmental, population or biological conditions become favourable for transmission. Because CPV can persist in contaminated environments, previously contaminated areas may remain a source of exposure. Rainfall and changing conditions could alter where faecal material and contamination are deposited where puppies get the virus and become infected

      2. Maternal antibodies and gaps in puppy immunity

Maternal antibody interference is a well-established reason that young puppies need a series of vaccinations. If the timing leaves a puppy with declining maternal protection but without active vaccine-derived immunity, that puppy may remain vulnerable. This mechanism could contribute to cases in incompletely protected puppies. This is the major cause of complaints amongst breeders.

       3. Environmental conditions may be facilitating transmission

Uganda has recently experienced periods of substantial rainfall. Parvovirus is an exceptionally resilient, non-enveloped virus capable of surviving for prolonged periods in contaminated environments. The rains may have distributed faecal matter that has become the source of the virus leading to the current events.

      4. Puppy movement and seasonal demand

Periods of increased puppy demand may lead to more breeding, sales and movement of young dogs between breeders and homes. More movement and contact can create additional opportunities for exposure, while increasing the number of young, incompletely vaccinated puppies at risk. This is a plausible way market activity could amplify observed cases, but its contribution has not been measured.

   5. A possible change in virus variant

Some breeders and veterinary professionals have asked whether a different or more virulent CPV variant might be involved. This is a hypothesis worth investigating, particularly in light of unusual clinical reports. A small genetic change in a circulating variant could also be considered, but its presence would not by itself show that the virus had become more virulent or more lethal. Clinical severity alone cannot identify a variant or establish the effect of a mutation. Laboratory testing, including PCR and sequencing of the viral VP2 gene, would be needed to characterise the viruses circulating in affected dogs. Until such evidence is available, a new or more lethal strain should not be presented as confirmed.

What we have observed in recent cases.

During previous outbreaks, our clinic’s recorded experience with its treatment protocol has been encouraging, with an approximately 80% survival rate among the cases managed. This is a clinic-reported figure, not a universal prognosis: outcomes vary with disease severity, how early treatment begins, concurrent complications and the care available. In our experience, the first three to four days after treatment begins are often particularly important. Puppies may arrive with vomiting, profuse or bloody diarrhoea, lethargy, loss of appetite, dehydration and weakness. Close monitoring and prompt supportive care have often been followed by substantial improvement.

Two cases during the current outbreak followed a different course. Both puppies arrived critically ill and close to decompensation. We began our established intensive-care protocol. By approximately days three and four, both appeared to improve: their energy returned, they showed interest in food, and vomiting and diarrhoea had largely resolved.

Then, on approximately day four in one case and day five in the other, each puppy deteriorated acutely. Their temperatures rose to about 39.5°C and 39.4°C. Both developed severe abdominal pain, became laterally recumbent and had congested mucous membranes. Despite continued intervention, both died.

These observations are deeply concerning, particularly because the initial improvement suggested recovery was underway. They were no longer following the typical trajectory we had become accustomed to seeing in successfully recovering parvovirus patients. Instead, they appeared to enter a sudden secondary crisis after an initial period of improvement. What we can say from our clinical experience is that some patients during the current outbreak appear to be following a different and more unpredictable clinical trajectory from what we have previously observed.

Treatment and prognosis.

There is no routinely available treatment that simply eliminates CPV once infection is established. Treatment is primarily supportive: it corrects fluid and electrolyte losses, supports circulation and nutrition, controls vomiting and pain, and addresses complications such as secondary bacterial infection when clinically indicated. The treating veterinarian tailors care to the individual patient.

At Vetlit, we manage parvovirus as a serious, potentially life-threatening illness. Depending on severity, monitoring may include temperature, hydration and perfusion, blood glucose, mucous membrane colour, heart and respiratory rates, urine output and relevant laboratory results. The aim is to detect deterioration early and respond before shock or organ dysfunction becomes irreversible.

Severe disease can involve hypovolaemic shock from fluid loss, damage to the intestinal barrier, bacterial translocation, sepsis or endotoxaemia, metabolic disturbances and secondary organ dysfunction. A puppy’s course can change quickly, and temporary improvement does not remove the need for close observation.

In the two recent cases, we suspect a severe systemic inflammatory or toxic complication may have contributed to the sudden deterioration. Damage to the intestinal barrier can allow bacteria and bacterial products to enter the circulation, potentially contributing to sepsis, endotoxaemia and circulatory failure. This is a working hypothesis only. We did not confirm toxaemia in these patients, and other explanations—including sepsis, acute inflammatory deterioration, metabolic problems or other complications—remain possible. Further diagnostic information would be needed to determine the cause.

Parvovirus is not automatically a death sentence. Published outcomes vary with the patient’s condition and the treatment setting, but many puppies survive with timely, appropriate veterinary care. The clinic’s historical survival experience is encouraging, while the two recent deaths remind us that every case carries risk and requires careful monitoring.

Prevention and practical steps

Follow a veterinarian-guided vaccination programme

Vaccination remains the strongest defence against severe parvovirus disease. Use a suitable vaccine obtained through a legitimate veterinary supply chain, and ensure that it is stored, transported and administered according to the manufacturer’s directions. A well-made vaccine may not produce the expected response if the cold chain is broken or it is handled or administered incorrectly.

Do not rely on a universal rule such as “two shots are enough.” Because maternal antibodies vary between puppies, a veterinarian should plan the series and ensure it continues to the appropriate age. Keep written records of dates and products used, and ask the veterinarian when the puppy can safely mix with other dogs and visit higher-risk places.

Reduce exposure while immunity develops

Until the puppy has completed its primary vaccination programme and a veterinarian advises that protection is expected, avoid contact with sick or unknown-status dogs and heavily contaminated areas. Use good hygiene, isolate suspected or confirmed cases, and clean and disinfect suitable surfaces with products effective against parvovirus. Because the virus resists many common disinfectants, follow veterinary and product guidance for cleaning.

Seek veterinary care early

Vomiting, diarrhoea—especially bloody diarrhoea—marked tiredness, loss of appetite or weakness in a puppy warrants urgent veterinary attention. Do not wait for signs to become severe. Early assessment and supportive care offer the best opportunity to address dehydration, shock and other complications promptly.

Conclusion

The increase in canine parvovirus cases in Uganda is concerning, but its cause has not yet been established. The virus is resilient and already known in canine populations; maternal antibody interference and gaps in vaccination can leave puppies vulnerable; and movement of young dogs may increase opportunities for exposure. A more virulent variant remains a question for laboratory investigation, not a confirmed explanation.

Our recent cases remind us that parvovirus can take an unpredictable course, even after initial improvement. They also reinforce the importance of sound vaccination programmes, early veterinary care, isolation and close monitoring.

Vaccinate according to veterinary advice, protect puppies while immunity develops, and seek veterinary attention immediately if signs appear.

Veterinary references.

• World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA), 2024 Guidelines for the Vaccination of Dogs and Cats
  https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/WSAVA-Vaccination-guidelines-2024.pdf.
• American Animal Hospital Association (AAHA), Canine Parvovirus Vaccination Guidelines
  https://www.aaha.org/resources/2022-aaha-canine-vaccination-guidelines/canine-parvovirus-cpv/.

Merck Veterinary Manual, Canine Parvovirus Infection
https://www.merckvetmanual.com/digestive-system/infectious-diseases-of-the-gastrointestinal-tract-in-small-animals/canine-parvovirus-infection-parvoviral-enter

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Ehrlichiosis is sometimes referred to as canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME). The disease can affect dogs of any age, breed, or sex, although dogs that spend more time outdoors or in environments where ticks are common are at a higher risk. Because the disease affects the blood and immune system, it can cause a wide range of clinical signs, some of which can be severe or even life-threatening if not diagnosed and treated early.

Transmission and Life Cycle

The primary mode of transmission of ehrlichiosis is through tick bites. When a brown dog tick feeds on the blood of an infected dog, it can ingest Ehrlichia organisms. The bacteria survive within the tick and may be transmitted to another dog during subsequent feeding. Transmission typicall

y occurs after the tick has been attached and feeding for several hours.

Unlike some parasites that are transmitted from the environment, ehrlichiosis depends heavily on the presence of infected ticks. The brown dog tick has a remarkable ability to survive in human dwellings, kennels, and animal shelters, making it a persistent problem in many communities. The tick undergoes several life stages larva, nymph, and adult and each stage may feed on dogs.

Because ticks can remain hidden in cracks, bedding, grass, or soil, dogs can be repeatedly exposed to tick bites without the owner noticing immediately. This makes tick control and prevention a critical component in managing and preventing ehrlichiosis.

What Happens in the Dog’s Body

Once the infected tick bites the dog and introduces the bacteria into the bloodstream, Ehrlichia organisms enter the white blood cells, particularly monocytes. Inside these cells, the bacteria multiply and form clusters known as morulae.

The infection triggers several pathological processes:

1. Immune system activation
   The dog’s immune system attempts to fight the infection, but this immune response can also contribute to tissue damage.
2. Destruction of blood cells
   The disease can interfere with normal blood cell production and survival, resulting in conditions such as anemia (low red blood cells) and thrombocytopenia (low platelets).
3. Inflammation of blood vessels
   Damage to blood vessels can lead to bleeding tendencies and organ dysfunction.
4. Bone marrow suppression
   In chronic cases, the bone marrow may fail to produce sufficient blood cells, leading to severe complications.

These processes explain why dogs with ehrlichiosis often develop symptoms related to weakness, bleeding disorders, and immune dysfunction.

Stages of Ehrlichiosis

Ehrlichiosis typically progresses through three clinical stages: the acute stage, the subclinical stage, and the chronic stage. Understanding these stages helps veterinarians recognise and manage the disease effectively.

1. Acute Stage

The acute stage usually develops 1–3 weeks after the tick bite. During this phase, the bacteria spread through the bloodstream and infect white blood cells.

Common signs during the acute stage include:

• Fever
• Loss of appetite
• Lethargy or weakness
• Enlarged lymph nodes
• Mild weight loss
• Nasal discharge or eye discharge
• Enlarged spleen

One of the hallmark findings during this stage is thrombocytopenia, meaning the platelet count in the blood becomes significantly reduced. Platelets are essential for blood clotting, so their reduction can lead to bleeding problems.

Some dogs may show nosebleeds (epistaxis), small red spots on the skin (petechiae), or bruising due to impaired clotting.

If diagnosed early, treatment during the acute stage often results in a very good prognosis.

2. Subclinical Stage

After the acute stage, some dogs enter what is called the subclinical phase. During this stage, the dog may appear clinically normal, showing few or no obvious signs of illness.

However, the bacteria remain in the body, often residing in the spleen and other tissues. This stage may last months or even years.

Even though the dog may look healthy, blood tests often reveal abnormalities such as:

• Low platelet counts
• Mild anemia
• Changes in white blood cell counts

Some dogs successfully eliminate the infection during this phase, while others progress to the chronic stage.

3. Chronic Stage

The chronic stage represents the most severe form of ehrlichiosis. It occurs when the infection persists and leads to progressive damage to the bone marrow and immune system.

Dogs in the chronic stage may develop:

• Severe weight loss
• Pale gums due to anemia
• Persistent fever
• Weakness and depression
• Bleeding tendencies (nosebleeds, bleeding gums, bruising)
• Swollen limbs or fluid accumulation
• Eye problems such as uveitis
• Neurological signs in severe cases

One of the most serious complications is bone marrow suppression, where the body fails to produce adequate red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. This condition can lead to life-threatening infections, severe anemia, and uncontrolled bleeding.

Without treatment, chronic ehrlichiosis can be fatal.

Diagnosis of Ehrlichiosis

Accurate diagnosis requires a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory testing, and medical history, particularly the history of tick exposure.

Veterinarians commonly use the following diagnostic approaches:

1. Complete Blood Count (CBC)

A CBC is often the first laboratory test performed. Typical findings in ehrlichiosis include:

• Thrombocytopenia (low platelet count)
• Anemia (low red blood cells)
• Changes in white blood cell counts

These findings raise suspicion for tick-borne diseases.

2. Blood Smear Examination

In some cases, veterinarians may observe morulae (clusters of bacteria) inside white blood cells under the microscope. However, this finding is relatively uncommon and may not always be present.

3. Serological Tests

Tests such as ELISA or antibody tests can detect antibodies against Ehrlichia. These tests indicate exposure to the organism but may not distinguish between current and past infections.

4. PCR Testing

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) tests detect the genetic material of the bacteria and are considered a more precise method of confirming active infection.

Diagnosis often involves interpreting these laboratory results together with the dog’s clinical signs and exposure history.

Prognosis

The prognosis for dogs with ehrlichiosis depends largely on how early the disease is detected and treated.

• Acute stage: Prognosis is usually very good with prompt treatment.
• Subclinical stage: Many dogs respond well to treatment.
• Chronic stage: Prognosis becomes guarded to poor, especially when bone marrow failure occurs.

Early recognition and veterinary intervention significantly improve outcomes.

Prevention

Because ehrlichiosis is transmitted by ticks, tick control is the most effective strategy for prevention.

Important preventive measures include:

1. Regular tick control treatments
   Using veterinarian-recommended tick preventatives such as spot-on treatments, oral med

   

   ications, or tick collars.

2. Routine inspection of dogs
   Checking dogs regularly for ticks, especially around the ears, neck, between toes, and under the tail.
3. Environmental control
   Maintaining clean kennels, yards, and sleeping areas to reduce tick habitats.
4. Prompt tick removal
   Removing ticks carefully using tweezers or tick removal tools to reduce disease transmission.
5. Regular veterinary check-ups
   Routine health screenings can help detect early signs of tick-borne diseases.

Final Message

Ehrlichiosis is a serious but preventable and treatable disease when recognized early. Protecting dogs from ticks, seeking veterinary care promptly when symptoms appear, and maintaining regular health monitoring are key steps in safeguarding canine health.

Through continued education, early diagnosis, and effective prevention strategies, veterinarians and pet owners can work together to minimize the impact of this tick-borne disease.

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Case Overview: Nala’s Story

Nala, a 5-year-old German Shepherd cross weighing approximately 25kg, presented a case that reminded us of the unpredictable nature of canine health emergencies. His owner noticed that Nala had lost his appetite the previous evening and refused his regular food. In response to his reluctance to eat, she offered him some boiled milk, which he consumed in small quantities.

After placing Nala in his kennel around 10:00 PM, the owner discovered him unwell the following morning, showing signs of vomiting. Despite rushing him to our clinic immediately, Nala had unfortunately passed away by the time of arrival.

Clinical Findings and Assessment

Our veterinary team conducted a thorough postmortem examination to understand what had occurred. The clinical assessment revealed several key findings:

Primary Concerns Identified on Postmortem:

• Severe dehydration resulting from persistent vomiting
• Generalized vascular congestion indicating circulatory system compromise
• Evidence of chronic kidney inflammation with scarring from previous infections

Understanding the Progression

Nala’s case illustrates how rapidly a dog’s condition can deteriorate when multiple body systems are affected. The progression likely began with gastritis (stomach inflammation), which led to vomiting and subsequent loss of appetite. This created a cascade of physiological problems:

When dogs experience persistent vomiting, they lose essential fluids and electrolytes that are crucial for maintaining normal cellular function, blood pressure, and the body’s acid-base balance. As dehydration progresses, the circulatory system becomes compromised, reducing blood flow to vital organs.

Initially, a dog’s body attempts to compensate by constricting blood vessels and increasing heart rate to maintain blood pressure. However, in severe cases, this compensation can fail, leading to what veterinarians call circulatory collapse.

The Challenge of Diagnosis

One of the most challenging aspects of Nala’s case was determining the exact underlying cause. The clinical presentation suggested several possibilities that required careful consideration. Despite thorough examination, no substantial evidence was found to confirm the exact cause.

Potential Contributing Factors:

• Environmental toxins (household chemicals, pesticides)
• Toxic plants or spoiled food
• Food preservatives or mycotoxins
• Various other substances that can cause rapid systemic effects

These substances can be particularly challenging to identify because they often metabolize or are eliminated from the body quickly, making detection difficult without immediate specialized laboratory testing.

Important Context and A Success Story

This case was particularly concerning for the family, as they had experienced the loss of two other dogs under similar circumstances approximately two months prior. However, there’s hope in this story. Three days after Nala’s passing, another dog from the same household presented with similar signs. Fortunately, she was brought in quickly, and using the insights gained from Nala’s case, we were able to successfully treat her. She made a full recovery, demonstrating the critical importance of early intervention and how each case helps us better understand and treat similar conditions in the future.

Key Takeaways for Pet Owners

Recognize Emergency Signs:

• Sudden loss of appetite combined with vomiting
• Lethargy or unusual behavior
• Signs of dehydration (dry gums, sunken eyes, loss of skin elasticity)

When to Seek Immediate Care:

• Any combination of vomiting, loss of appetite, and lethargy
• Sudden behavioral changes in your pet
• Any situation where your pet’s condition seems to be rapidly declining

Prevention Strategies:

• Regularly assess your pet’s environment for potential toxins
• Store household chemicals and medications securely
• Be aware of plants in your garden that may be toxic to dogs
• Monitor food storage and quality

The Importance of Professional Veterinary Care

Nala’s case, contrasted with the successful treatment of the later patient, underscores why immediate professional veterinary assessment is crucial when pets show signs of distress. While not all cases can be saved, early intervention significantly improves outcomes and provides valuable diagnostic information that can help save other animals.

The difference between tragedy and recovery often comes down to timing. The successful treatment of the household’s fourth dog demonstrates that with prompt veterinary care and aggressive supportive treatment, even severe cases can have positive outcomes.

Moving Forward

If you notice any unusual symptoms in your pet, particularly those involving the digestive system, don’t hesitate to contact our clinic immediately. Early intervention can make the difference between a recoverable illness and a tragic outcome.

We encourage all pet owners to regularly evaluate their home environment, keep emergency contact information readily available, and trust their instincts when something seems wrong with their beloved companions.

This case study is presented for educational purposes to help pet owners recognize emergency situations and understand the importance of immediate veterinary intervention. Every case teaches us valuable lessons that help us provide better care for future patients. If you have concerns about your pet’s health or environment, please contact our veterinary team for professional guidance.

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Introduction: Noticing the First Signs

Nala, a senior mongrel dog and beloved family companion, began to show an unusual change three months prior to her veterinary visit. Her nasal planum, normally black in healthy dogs, gradually turned pink. At first, her caregivers assumed the change was temporary. However, when the discolouration persisted and slight ulceration began to appear, they turned to Vetlit Mobile Veterinary Services for answers.

Clinical Examination: Detecting Subtle Clues

On clinical examination, Nala was found to be in good general health, with a body condition score of 4 out of 5. His mucous membranes were pink, his coat was smooth and shiny, and his behavior remained normal. The nasal planum appeared pink and showed signs of ulceration and erosion. There was a colorless, serous nasal discharge present, although the nasal passages were distinct and unobstructed. A whole blood sample was collected and submitted for laboratory analysis, which revealed eosinophilic inflammation, with all the other parameters within normal range, indicating a likely allergic or immune-mediated process affecting the nasal tissues.

Diagnostic Workup: Uncovering the Underlying Cause

A whole blood sample was submitted for laboratory analysis. Results showed eosinophilic inflammation, suggesting an allergic or immune-mediated process. All other blood parameters, including white and red blood cell morphology, were within normal limits.

Based on her clinical presentation and lab findings, our veterinarians made a tentative diagnosis of Discoid Lupus Erythematosus (DLE), a relatively benign but chronic autoimmune skin disease in dogs.

What Is Discoid Lupus Erythematosus (DLE) in Dogs?

DLE is a non-life-threatening autoimmune skin condition in dogs, commonly affecting the nasal planum, and sometimes extending to the eyes, footpads, perianal region, and ears.

Clinical signs include:

• Erythema (redness)
• Depigmentation
• Erosion and ulceration
• Loss of nasal planum texture
• Crusting

The condition is photo-aggravated, meaning sunlight exposure can worsen lesions. That’s why sun protection becomes a key aspect of responsible pet care in dogs with DLE.

Treatment plan: Tailored management for quality of life

Our approach at Vetlit Mobile Veterinary Services focused on reducing sun exposure, symptomatic relief and  Immunosuppressive therapy. After one month of treatment, Nala showed remarkable improvement. The ulceration reduced, the depigmentation stabilised, and she resumed her normal daily life.

Takeaway for Dog Owners

Autoimmune conditions like DLE may not be common, but they highlight the importance of early detection, regular check-ups, and responsible dog ownership.

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Introduction

Free-roaming dogs (FRDs) cause 86% of the 14,865 dog bites recorded annually and 20 rabies-related deaths in Uganda. Unfortunately, there is a lack of data on the circumstances surrounding the bites. This undermines the development of effective mitigation measures. To address this gap, a group of researchers actively tracked reports involving aggressive dogs in the Kampala metropolitan area in Central Uganda. Their approach included tracing the responsible dogs to rule out rabies and conducting interviews with victims and community members.

They investigated seven incidents, including two rampages, two instances of aggressive behavior in dogs, two cases of livestock predation, and one incident where a dog strayed into a residence. In three of the seven incidents, the dogs managed to escape due to factors such as nighttime cover, easy access to hideouts in slums, and limited community support.

Findings

In total, 53 bite cases were recorded, affecting 29 humans—predominantly children (72.4 %) and 24 animals, including cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, pet dogs, and poultry. Notably, the two rampages accounted for 47 bite cases (88.7 %). The highest dog-to-bite incident ratio of 1:37 occurred in Matugga, Wakiso District. Despite 96.6 % of the human victims being eligible for rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) due to sustaining deep wounds. 58.6% sought treatment from traditional healers, 13.8 % self-medicated with local herbs, and 3.4% did not take any intervention.

The community’s response to the rampages was to kill the responsible dogs. However, in one instance where the dog could not be traced, the community resorted to indiscriminately killing roaming dogs in the area. They used sticks and stones in a mob.

This study underscores the significant threat that FRDs pose in the transmission of rabies. To achieve the global target of eliminating dog-mediated rabies by 2030, it is essential to enhance rabies vaccination coverage for dogs to meet the WHO-recommended threshold of 70 %. Additionally, mass education efforts should be prioritized at both the community level and in schools. This should be particularly in areas where rabies is endemic and dogs roam freely.

What this means for you as a pet owner.

As pet owner, you play a vital role in preventing the dangers posed by free-roaming dogs (FRDs) in your community. This study powerfully reminds us that when pet owners act irresponsibly, they endanger not only their own dogs but also people, livestock, and other animals in the community. Here’s what you can do:

• Keep your dog safely confined

House your dog securely and prevent it from roaming freely. Free-roaming dogs often cause aggressive incidents, get hit by vehicles, or spark conflict within the community. When your dog roams, it also faces a greater risk of injury, disease or death at the hands of angry mobs.

• Vaccinate against rabies

Rabies is a deadly but preventable disease. Vaccinating your dog protects you, your family, and the wider community. Unvaccinated, roaming dogs continue to cause rabies-related deaths in Uganda. Ensure your pet receives its annual rabies shot and keep the certificate safe.

• Be a responsible pet owner

Practice and promote responsible pet ownership. This includes regular health checks, training, feeding, and ensuring your dog doesn’t pose a threat to people or animals. A well-managed dog is less likely to provoke fear or aggression from the community.

• Educate Others in Your Community

Take part in or support community sensitization campaigns. Help spread accurate information about rabies prevention, bite response, and how to treat dogs humanely. Empowering your neighbors with knowledge helps build a safer environment for both people and animals.

• Involve Schools and Children

Because dog bites affect children the most, we must engage schools in rabies education and teach safe ways to interact with dogs. Talk to your children about how to behave around unfamiliar dogs and ensure they know to report bites immediately.

By taking these steps, you not only protect your pet, you contribute to a safer, more informed, and compassionate community. Responsible pet ownership is not just personal; it’s a public duty. Let’s work together to end dog-mediated rabies by 2030 and create a world where pets and people coexist safely.

Reference

Exploration of circumstances surrounding bites from potentially rabid dogs on rampage, and the coping strategies of victims and communities in Central Uganda. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1558787824000947

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Clinical examination findings

On physical examination, the patient exhibited a fair to good body condition score (BCS 3.5/5), with a smooth and shiny coat indicative of general nutritional adequacy. However, notable abnormalities included congested pink conjunctiva, hyperventilation, and lethargy. The rectal temperature was mildly elevated at 38.1℃, and increased abdominal contractions were observed, suggestive of potential abdominal discomfort or systemic involvement. In response to these findings, a whole blood sample was collected for further laboratory analysis to aid in diagnosis and guide appropriate treatment.

Laboratory results indicated a developing bacterial infection, reflected by changes in white blood cell counts. Red blood cell levels remained normal, showing no signs of anaemia or blood loss at this stage.

Diagnosis

Following a thorough clinical and laboratory evaluation, Nala was tentatively diagnosed with concurrent bacteremia and hypobicarbonatemia. The metabolic imbalance was likely a secondary development resulting from the underlying bacteremia. The Bacteremia appeared to have been progressing silently over time, with subtle signs preceding the clinical presentation. Although findings supported the diagnosis, the precise cause of the bacteremia could not be definitively identified at the time of assessment. Nala was started on a three-day course of treatment that saw her improve. On the third day, Nala was pronounced recovered from this condition.

Discussion

Hypobicarbonatemia refers to a lower-than-normal concentration of bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) in the blood. Bicarbonate plays a crucial role as a buffer, helping to maintain the body’s acid-base balance (pH). When bicarbonate levels drop significantly, the blood becomes more acidic, a state known as metabolic acidosis.

It is important to note that hypobicarbonatemia is not a disease itself, but rather a clinical indicator of an underlying pathological process that requires prompt evaluation and treatment. If left unaddressed, severe acidosis can compromise vital organ function and may lead organ failure or death.

In dogs, hypobicarbonatemia is commonly caused by conditions that either increase acid production or lead to bicarbonate loss. These include severe diarrhoea, renal disease, diabetic ketoacidosis, and lactic acidosis, often secondary to shock or sepsis. Other causes include toxin ingestion (e.g., ethylene glycol/antifreeze) and Addison’s disease (hypoadrenocorticism).

Conclusion

In Nala’s case, hypobicarbonatemia was suspected to be the result of lactic acidosis secondary to sepsis, as suggested by both clinical presentation and laboratory findings. This highlights the importance of identifying and treating the primary cause to restore metabolic stability.

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Introduction 

This summary is based on a peer-reviewed research article authored by Dr. Dickson Tayebwa, with our veterinarian, Dr. Isa Lutebemberwa, as a co-author. The article aims to shed light on key findings relevant to pet owners and highlights practical lessons they can adopt to promote responsible dog ownership.

Dog care practices among 1,006 owners in urban and rural areas in Uganda to identify the root causes of roaming we analysed. The dog owners were mostly male, aged 20–39 years, and low-income earners. Each household in urban areas had an average of 2.36 dogs (SD 3.35), and 2.35 dogs (SD 2.18) in rural areas. It was determined that 16.1% of urban dogs and 29.4% of rural dogs roamed during the day, with numbers rising to 26.0% and 65.2% at night (p < 0.001), due to dogs being released at night for security purposes.

Key drivers of roaming included inadequate confinement, particularly the lack of a secure enclosure around homes, underfeeding and abandonment. These issues were linked to poverty, low education and poor attitudes. These findings provide a foundation for developing tailored strategies to control free-roaming dogs (FRD) in Uganda.

Short-term solutions include implementing fines for owners who allow their dogs to roam, subsidised dog sterilization, and public education programs. Long-term strategies should involve policies on dog ownership, registration, breeding, and research to develop evidence-based control measures for FRD.

What does this mean to a responsible pet owner?

At Vetlit Mobile Veterinary Services, we believe that every dog owner has a vital role to play in improving the welfare of their pets and the community. Here’s how you can be part of the solution: Roaming is common, especially in rural areas where up to 65.2% of dogs roam at night. This is often due to cultural norms and economic hardship. While some issues are systemic, every responsible pet owner must understand this context and act accordingly.

1. Confinement is Key

A lack of secure fencing or kennels is a primary reason dogs roam. If you own a dog for security or companionship, make sure it is safely confined within your home or yard. Invest in building a dog-safe enclosure to prevent roaming and improve safety.

Tip: A well-fenced yard or kennel is not just protection for your dog, it also protects your community.

2. Feeding and Basic Pet Care Are Foundational

Hungry dogs will roam. Make sure your dog is fed with nutritious and adequate meals. Regular feeding not only ensures good health but also discourages roaming behaviour. Combine this with routine visits to a veterinary clinic for checkups and vaccinations.

Visit our pet clinic at Vetlit for nutritional guidance and professional care for both dogs and cats.

3. Attitude and Commitment Matter

A responsible pet owner treats their dog with empathy and sees it as a lifelong companion, not just a tool for guarding. Neglect and abandonment often result from poor attitudes. Show commitment by providing consistent care and emotional support.

4. Be Part of the Solution

Every pet owner can help reduce the number of free-roaming dogs in Uganda:

• Do not abandon your dog, regardless of circumstances.
• Spay or neuter your pet to prevent unwanted puppies.
• Appropiately vaccinate your pet with rabies and cocktail vaccine for prevention and control of diseases
• Support or volunteer for community education and welfare programs. Vetconekt organises these , consider supporting it.

Final Thought

While poverty, infrastructure challenges, and lack of awareness may be outside your control, being a responsible dog owner is not. Take the lead in your neighbourhood. Keep your dog safe, well-fed, and properly contained. Encourage others to do the same.

REFERENCES

Sociodemographic factors and dog ownership practices that perpetuate the roaming of owned dogs in selected urban and rural settings in Uganda (https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10888705.2024.2411553)

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Location: Nansana, along liitle Muheji road, Wakiso District, Uganda
Company: Vetlit Veterinary services

Vetlit Animal Clinic is seeking a passionate and motivated Veterinary Assistant to join our dedicated team. We are committed to providing high-quality care for pets and ensuring excellent service for our clients. If you have a strong passion for working with pets, we encourage you to apply!

Position: Veterinary Assistant
Reports to: Veterinary Surgeon
Job Type: Full-Time

Key Responsibilities:

• Assist veterinarians in providing animal care and medical procedures.
• Provide excellent customer service and hospitality to clients and their pets.
• Maintain clinic cleanliness and manage equipment and inventory.
• Support administrative tasks and clinic operations.
• Ensure the well-being and comfort of pets during their stay at the clinic.

Qualifications:

• Diploma or Certificate in Animal Management or a related field.
• Strong managerial and organizational abilities.
• Hardworking with excellent hospitality and communication skills.
• Passionate about working with pets and providing the best care possible.

Note: Women are strongly encouraged to apply.

How to Apply:

Interested candidates are requested to submit their CV and a cover letter detailing their experience and passion for working with pets to vetlitmobileveterinaryservices@gmail.com  no later than 25^th / September / 2024.

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Physical maturation and the development of the nervous system are intricately linked to behavioural development in puppies. Typically, we categorize puppy development into four stages: neonatal, transitional, socialization, and juvenile. Yet, it’s essential to understand that these stages aren’t rigidly fixed; different breeds may progress at varying rates, and environmental factors can influence genetic expression.

Factors such as prenatal conditions, including the diet and health of the mother (dam), can significantly impact puppy development. Research in other species has demonstrated that offspring from mothers exposed to stressful handling during pregnancy may exhibit heightened sensitivity to stressors. These four developmental periods remain valuable reference points for discussions on puppy development.

Neonatal stage

During the neonatal stage, which spans from birth to approximately two weeks of age, puppies rely primarily on touch and olfaction as their eyes are yet to open, and their ear canals remain closed. Despite their immature nervous system, neonates demonstrate responsiveness to their surroundings. Research has indicated the profound impact of maternal care and human interaction during this critical period. Puppies receiving more maternal attention during this period tend to exhibit higher levels of social and physical engagement as adults compared to those with less attentive mothers. Similarly, studies have shown that gentle handling of puppies by humans from as early as three days old results in calmer and more confident behaviour by the age of eight weeks compared to those not handled by humans. Given these findings, foster families and breeders must initiate soft handling of puppies as soon as possible, as it can significantly influence their development and behaviour in later stages of life.

Transitional stage

The transitional stage, spanning approximately seven days (with a range of about 14 to 21 days of age), marks a significant developmental milestone for puppies. It’s during this period that their eyes and ears begin to function, and their muscle coordination improves notably. Additionally, social communication behaviours, such as growling, and interactions, like playful behaviour, become evident for the first time. As puppies become more cognizant of their surroundings, they also gain the ability to defecate and urinate without maternal stimulation. This newfound independence makes it an opportune moment to introduce them to an appropriate substrate to defecate and urinate on, especially since they are starting to venture further from the nesting area. You can introduce them to elimination substrates such as grass, dirt, gravel, etc. Take those puppies to these substrates and encourage them to urinate and defecate on them. Thereafter reward them.  These proactive approaches help facilitate proper urination and defecation habits as they continue to grow and develop.

SOCIALIZATION STAGE

Socialization encompasses the crucial process of developing appropriate social behaviours towards not only fellow members of their species but also other species, as well as adapting to relevant environmental stimuli. It’s during this period that puppies learn how to interact effectively with their surroundings and form lasting behavioural patterns. Socialization plays a crucial role in a puppy’s development, particularly during the sensitive period—a phase where external stimuli have a profound impact on long-term behaviour. This critical period typically starts around 3 weeks of age and persists until around 3 months. Failing to adequately socialize during this time can result in fearful responses towards unfamiliar humans or situations later in life.

Ensuring controlled exposure to humans during the critical socialization period is crucial, as even brief interactions can yield significant benefits. Research indicates that puppies who receive handling from an early age are more likely to exhibit confidence and ease in approaching humans. Conversely, those who lack such exposure until later stages, such as 7 weeks may display hesitancy or persistent fearfulness towards human interaction. Those who lack exposure for around 3 months and beyond continue to persistently display fear throughout their life. Therefore, prioritizing early and consistent handling can greatly influence a puppy’s sociability and comfort with human contact throughout their development.

Take note!

Negative experiences during this sensitive developmental window can significantly shape a puppy’s behavioural trajectory. Abrupt weaning, particularly when combined with sudden separation from littermates, can have enduring effects on behaviour. Studies suggest that puppies separated from their mother and litter before reaching 8 weeks of age are more likely to exhibit fearfulness and display undesirable behaviours in adulthood compared to those who remain with their litter until at least 8 weeks old. Thus, ensuring the proper timing and gradual transitions during the weaning and separation process is essential for promoting healthy behavioural development in puppies.

JUVENILE STAGE

The juvenile stage marks the period from the conclusion of the socialization phase to sexual maturity (3 months to around 6 months). While sexual behaviour typically emerges around 6 months of age, this timeline may vary, especially in larger breeds where maturity might be delayed. Despite reaching sexual maturity, dogs often retain behavioural immaturity. In the case of large-breed dogs, social maturity may not occur until they are 18 months old or even later. Given the prevalence of behaviour issues during this phase, it’s advisable to visit a veterinarian for adolescent behavioural well-care visits. These visits can provide essential support and guidance for both the dog and you the owner during this developmental stage.

 Socialization Program

The importance of socialization in puppies cannot be overstated, and it’s never too early or too late to begin. Healthy puppies, regardless of age, can benefit from regular exposure to new environments, ideally at least twice a week. However, it’s crucial to avoid places frequented by dogs of uncertain health and vaccination status. When introducing a puppy to new experiences, it’s essential to let them explore at their own pace, ensuring they remain calm and unafraid.

Owners should bring along treats and toys to make the experience enjoyable, but if the puppy becomes too frightened to engage, it’s important to end the session promptly.

Introductions to humans should start with quiet adults and then gradually include children who can interact gently. Socialization with other puppies and adult dogs known to be gentle with puppies is also beneficial, but it should be done cautiously.

Some puppies may find even mild stimuli overwhelming, requiring adjustments to the socialization plan under the guidance of a veterinarian or animal behaviourist. If fear persists or is severe, it’s essential to discuss a comprehensive behavioural treatment plan with a professional. Repeated exposure to frightening stimuli without proper intervention can lead to sensitization, potentially irreversibly impacting the puppy’s behaviour.

Puppy socialisation classes.

Puppy socialization classes are an opportunity for puppies to learn how to behave calmly around humans and dogs. Puppies that attend socialization classes are less likely to be rehomed than puppies that do not attend similar classes.

Puppy socialization classes represent a critical phase in a young dog’s development, often starting around three weeks of age. However, it’s imperative to understand that puppies do not complete their vaccinations until they are between 12 to 24 weeks old. Consulting with your veterinarian before attending these classes is essential to ensure your puppy is fully vaccinated and healthy, thereby minimizing the risk of contracting and spreading diseases during their interactions.

In addition to vaccination status, evaluating the enrollment requirements of local puppy classes can further mitigate risks. Opting for classes where the instructor mandates initial vaccinations and veterinary health certificates is ideal. This proactive approach helps create a safer environment for all participants. Furthermore, well-run classes are crucial to fostering a positive learning environment. Puppies should not be overwhelmed or frightened during sessions. A skilled instructor can structure activities to gradually expose puppies to new experiences, helping them build confidence and develop crucial social skills. This approach ensures that puppies not only learn to interact calmly with humans and other dogs but also enjoy the process, laying a strong foundation for their lifelong socialization and behavioural well-being. Thus enhancing their overall quality of life.

The Ugandan perspective

Currently, in Uganda, there are socialization classes run at the Kampala dog park. Kampala Dog Park provides a haven for dogs to socialize and expend their energy. Beyond frolic, it offers diverse activities including training, playgroups, grooming, and behaviour correction. Moreover, the facility hosts interactive sessions to enlighten owners about their pets’ intellect and needs, fostering deeper understanding and connection. In Uganda, while Kampala Dog Park shines, other socialization classes may exist; however, further exploration is necessary to unearth them. Whether in bustling Kampala or nestled elsewhere in Uganda, these spaces play a pivotal role in nurturing not just physical health but also the emotional and behavioural well-being of our beloved canine companions. This enhances our experience with them.

In conclusion, early interaction between dog owners and their pups, even as young as 3 days old, is crucial. Ensuring timely core vaccinations and guiding their social interactions are imperative steps. However, it’s essential to be vigilant during socialization, as puppies can develop lasting behaviours during the critical period that occurs during the socialization phase. Seeking professional assistance when faced with challenges is highly recommended to ensure the well-being and proper behaviour development of the dog.

References

Developmental Stages of Puppies, Ellen Lindell, VMD, DACVB, Veterinary Behavior Consultations, Asheville, North Carolina.

Grandjean, D., Andre, C.,Bacque, H., Bedossa, T., Boogaerts, C., Clero D., Colliard, L., Grellet, A., Polack, B.,Rogalev, A and Haymann, F. 2020. The Dog Encyclopedia. Royal Canin SAS. www.royalcanin.com. 930 pp.

Scott, JP. and Fuller, J.L1965.Genetics and the Social Behaviour of the Dog. Chicago University Press. 508 pp.

Delhasse, J., 1994. Sensory, Emotional and Social Development of the young Dog. The Bulletin for Veterinary Clinical Ethnology 2(1-2) 6-29.

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1. Changes in Eating Habits

These can be a vital clue to your pet’s health. If you notice your furry friend losing interest in food or water or struggling to eat or swallow. This may indicate underlying health issues. These could range from dental problems, such as tooth decay or gum disease, to gastrointestinal disorders like gastritis or pancreatitis. In some cases, changes in eating habits could even be a sign of systemic illnesses such as kidney disease, liver problems, or metabolic disorders. Paying attention to these subtle changes and seeking veterinary care promptly can help ensure your pet receives the necessary treatment and support for their well-being.

2. Alterations in behaviour.

it’s crucial to be attentive to any shifts in your pet’s behavior. This can often provide important insights into their well-being. Keep a close eye out for any signs of unusual aggression, lethargy, excessive hiding, or restlessness. These behavioral changes may indicate that your pet is experiencing pain, discomfort, anxiety, or even neurological issues. Addressing these changes promptly by consulting with your veterinary service provider can help identify the underlying cause and ensure your pet receives the necessary care and support to improve their quality of life.

3. Difficulty in breathing:

Be vigilant for signs of respiratory distress in your pet, such as laboured breathing, coughing, wheezing, or excessive panting. These symptoms could signal various underlying conditions, including respiratory issues, heart problems, or allergies. It’s essential to seek prompt veterinary evaluation, particularly for animals with brachycephalic breeds or pre-existing respiratory conditions. These breeds are more susceptible to complications. Early detection and intervention can help alleviate discomfort and prevent potentially serious health complications for your beloved pet.

4. Changes in Bathroom Habits:

Stay attentive to your pet’s urination and defecation routines. Any signs of straining, difficulty urinating or defecating, and presence of bloody stools or urine, or abrupt changes in frequency or consistency warrant attention. These indicators may point to underlying urinary tract infections, gastrointestinal issues, or other potentially serious conditions. Prompt veterinary evaluation is crucial to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment, safeguarding your pet’s health and well-being.

5. Skin and Coat Changes:

Vigilance towards any irregularities on your pet’s skin is paramount. Be on the lookout for unusual lumps, bumps, rashes, bald patches, or alterations in skin color or texture. These skin issues might be indicative of allergies, parasitic infestations, infections, or underlying systemic diseases. Seeking veterinary attention promptly is essential to accurately diagnose the underlying cause and administer appropriate treatment, ensuring your pet’s comfort and overall well-being.

6. Weight Loss or Gain:

Be mindful of any significant fluctuations in your pet’s weight that occur without corresponding changes in diet or activity level. These changes could be indicative of various health issues, such as metabolic disturbances, hormonal imbalances, digestive disorders, or other underlying health concerns. Consulting with your veterinarian is crucial to investigate the root cause of the weight change and implement appropriate management strategies to ensure your pet’s optimal health and well-being.

7. Mobility Issues:

When our pets are confronted with difficulty in moving, limping, favouring a particular limb, or reluctance to engage in physical activity, it’s paramount to recognize these as potential red flags for underlying health issues. These symptoms often serve as the body’s language, signaling possible musculoskeletal injuries, arthritis, or neurological problems. Musculoskeletal injuries encompass a wide range of conditions, including sprains, strains, and fractures, which can disrupt normal movement patterns and cause discomfort. Similarly, arthritis, characterized by joint inflammation, can lead to stiffness and pain, resulting in reluctance to engage in physical activities. Moreover, neurological issues affecting the brain, spinal cord, or peripheral nerves can impair coordination and movement control, manifesting as limping or favoring one limb. Ignoring these signs may exacerbate the underlying conditions, leading to prolonged discomfort and functional limitations. Therefore, it’s essential to prioritize early intervention and seek medical evaluation to identify the root cause.

8. Vomiting or Diarrhea:

While occasional vomiting or diarrhea might not raise immediate concern, persistent or severe episodes should not be overlooked. They could signify underlying gastrointestinal issues, toxicity, infections, or other health problems requiring attention. Monitoring your pet’s condition closely and seeking veterinary advice for persistent or severe symptoms is essential to identify the cause and provide appropriate treatment, ensuring your pet’s health and comfort.

9. Changes in Appetite and Thirst:

Excessive thirst, hunger, or sudden loss of appetite in your pet should never be dismissed. These changes in behavior may serve as crucial indicators of underlying health issues such as diabetes, kidney disease, or metabolic disorders. Prompt veterinary evaluation is essential to accurately diagnose the underlying cause and implement appropriate management strategies. By addressing these symptoms early on, you can help safeguard your pet’s health and well-being for the long term.

10. Unusual Odors:

If you notice  foul breath, strong body odour, or abnormal smells coming from your pet’s ears, skin, or anal glands, it’s important not to ignore these signs. They could be indicative of underlying health issues such as dental problems, skin infections, or other medical conditions. Seeking veterinary attention promptly can help identify the root cause of these odours and initiate appropriate treatment, ensuring your pet’s comfort and well-being.

11. Difficulty with Vision or Hearing:

If you observe your pet bumping into objects, squinting, or showing signs of impaired vision, or if there’s a noticeable decrease in responsiveness to auditory cues, it’s crucial to prioritize having their senses evaluated by a veterinarian. These symptoms may indicate underlying eye conditions, ear infections, neurological issues, or other health concerns affecting their sensory functions. Timely assessment and intervention by a veterinary professional can help diagnose the problem and implement appropriate measures to support your pet’s sensory health and overall quality of life.

12. Abnormal discharge

Any abnormal discharge from your pet’s body openings, including the nose, mouth, anal opening, penis/vaginal opening, and others, should prompt an immediate visit to the veterinarian. Such discharge may indicate various underlying health issues such as infections, inflammation, injuries, or systemic diseases. Early veterinary evaluation is crucial to identify the cause of the discharge and provide appropriate treatment to prevent potential complications and ensure your pet’s well-being.

Remember, early detection and intervention are crucial in maintaining your pet’s health and well-being. If you observe any of these signs or any other concerning symptoms, don’t hesitate to consult your veterinarian promptly for proper diagnosis and treatment.

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